Under normal conditions, this substance is a colorless volatile liquid with a pronounced ethereal odor and sweet taste. Chloroform in pharmaceuticals is an emulsion that is intended for topical use and is available in a dark glass bottle.
The use of Chloroform is now not as widespread as before, when the drug was widely used in medical practice for general anesthesia. Due to its harmful effects on the human body, Chloroform was abandoned in favor of other, safer drugs.
It is worth noting that a way to use Chloroform safely has yet been found. To do this, the drug is supplied with a large amount of oxygen, and, at the same time, the exact dosage is maintained. But, nevertheless, it is used extremely rarely for pain relief during surgical interventions.
Pharmacological action of Chloroform
The narcotic properties of the drug are manifested in the following ways: a person’s sensitivity is dulled, a loss of strength occurs, and life activity slows down. These effects manifest themselves in the form of intoxication of the patient, or his deafness. As a result, a person experiences various illusions, delusions, and strange body movements.
The action of Chloroform is the same for people, bacteria, plants and even fungi. As a result, their growth and vital activity are suspended.
Complete loss of sensation under the influence of the drug - Chloroform anesthesia. In this case, the use of Chloroform is carried out in high doses.
Fast-acting sleeping pills
Sleeping pills with a rapid spectrum of action include:
Calms, speeds up the process of falling asleep, normalizes sleep. Valid for 8 hours. It is necessary to adhere to the dosage prescribed by the doctor. It has side effects such as daytime drowsiness, increased heart rate, blurred vision, and constipation.
(analogs: Melatonin, Melarena, Melarithm).
Accelerates falling asleep, improves sleep quality. Effective for 7–8 hours. Does not cause daytime sleepiness or lethargy. May be recommended for elderly patients. It has side effects such as headache and nausea.
Calms the nervous system, normalizes sleep, speeds up falling asleep. Action time: up to 8 hours. It has side effects such as daytime drowsiness, lethargy, and constipation. In case of overdose, cardiac arrhythmia may occur.
Valid for up to eight hours. Relieves emotional stress and helps you fall asleep quickly. Does not cause lethargy or drowsiness after waking up. It has almost no side effects, except for individual intolerance.
Calms, reduces anxiety, speeds up the process of falling asleep. Valid for up to 10 hours. May weaken the respiratory center. It has side effects such as headaches and daytime drowsiness.
Reduces emotional stress, eases anxiety, speeds up falling asleep, and normalizes sleep. Duration of action is 10–12 hours. After waking up, there is lethargy and daytime sleepiness. It has side effects such as headaches, decreased concentration, and decreased memory. Long-term use may cause a state of euphoria or depression.
A herbal preparation that relieves nervous tension and speeds up falling asleep. Valid for up to eight hours. It has side effects in the form of bronchospasms and constipation.
Herbal preparation. Relieves emotional stress and speeds up the process of falling asleep. Valid for up to 7–8 hours. Has almost no side effects. In case of an overdose, decreased performance, lethargy, and daytime drowsiness are possible.
A mild tranquilizer that has a calming effect and speeds up sleep. The effect of the drug is up to eight hours. It has no side effects, except for individual intolerance.
Thalidomide
Has a sedative effect and speeds up falling asleep. Valid for 8 hours. After waking up, it causes a state of lethargy and reduces concentration. It has no pronounced side effects, but is not recommended for hypertension or pregnancy. Prohibited for use by children.
Indications for use Chloroform
Chloroform should be used only as prescribed by a specialist. The drug is prescribed to people who have neuralgia or myositis. Previously, Chloroform was used as a general anesthesia, but due to the occurrence of a large number of side effects, it was replaced with another drug.
Over time, experts have developed a method of anesthesia in which the harmful properties of Chloroform are reduced to an absolute minimum. In this case, Chloroform is prescribed with a large amount of oxygen; doctors must follow the exact dosage.
special instructions
Chloroform can be mixed with ethyl ether, gasoline, absolute alcohol, fatty and essential oils.
It is strictly forbidden to mix with concentrated sulfuric acid and glycerin.
Chloroform is an excellent solvent for organic compounds and certain inorganic substances. The vapors of this product do not explode or ignite.
If Chloroform is not stored properly, it begins to decompose under the influence of moisture, light and free access of oxygen and, as a result, the formation of chlorine, carbon oxychloride, formic and hydrochloric acids.
Chloroform for anesthesia is the same Chloroform, but more purified, and carefully subjected to special tests that reveal the presence or absence of by-products of organic impurities, aldehydes, phosgene, hydrochloric acid.
Side effects of Chloroform
When using the drug to euthanize a patient by inhalation, Chloroform causes a weakening of cardiac activity. As a result, there is a sharp drop in blood pressure, up to cardiac arrest or collapse. If a person inhales the vapors of the drug, he will experience irritation of the gastric mucosa, and if direct exposure to the vapors occurs, the person will experience irritation of the eyes, as well as the respiratory tract.
Chloroform's ability to penetrate intact skin leads to serious inflammation and irritation.
In some cases, the drug causes serious drug addiction in patients. This addiction is called substance abuse, which is associated with the abuse of oral chloroform.
Chemical properties
Like all chlorinated derivatives of methane, chloroform does not exhibit chemical activity. Therefore, there are few reactions that are characteristic of it. For example, treatment with chlorine molecules in the process of technological production of all methane derivatives by chlorination. To do this, liquid chloroform is taken, the reactions proceed according to a radical mechanism, requiring the presence of ultraviolet radiation as a prerequisite and light quanta.
CHCL3 + CL2 = CCL4 + HCL
The reaction equation shows that the product is completely chlorine-substituted methane - carbon tetrachloride. Such reactions are one of the ways to produce carbon tetrachloride in industry.
Chemical properties also include an azeotropic mixture with water, which chloroform can produce. What it is? That is, one in which the components of the solution do not undergo any changes when boiling. It is impossible to separate such a mixture into fractions using the boiling method.
Another type of reaction that chloroform can undergo is the replacement of halogen atoms with other atoms or functional groups. For example, when reacted with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, it forms sodium acetate:
chloroform + NaOH(aqueous solution) = sodium acetate + sodium chloride + water
In addition, a practically significant reaction is the interaction of chloroform with ammonia and potassium hydroxide (concentrated solution), since as a result of such interaction potassium cyanide is formed.
Chloroform + ammonia + potassium hydroxide = KCN + potassium chloride + water
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
Chloroform - what is it?
The mechanism of action of Chloroform as an anesthetic is associated with a decrease in the phase transition temperature of some membrane lipids . This, in turn, helps to increase the fluidity of nerve cell membranes .
The narcotic effect of Chloroform on humans is manifested in its ability to influence nervous activity , which is accompanied by a gradual decline in consciousness, decreased sensitivity to the effects of stimuli and loss of the ability to act voluntarily.
A person becomes immersed in a state of intoxication or stupor, accompanied by illusions, unmotivated and uncoordinated movements, delirium, anxiety and - sometimes - increased convulsive activity (for example, some people experience clonic-tonic convulsions ).
The local effect of Chloroform is realized through irritation of sensitive (receptor) nerve endings and other elements of the tissue system .
gets on the skin burning and redness of the skin appear , and when protected from evaporation - signs of inflammation , which are accompanied by the formation of blisters.
on the mucous membranes , and ingestion of the substance can cause severe damage to the stomach , hematemesis (bloody vomiting) and diarrhea .
Chloroform vapors are not so irritating, but when they are inhaled, various reflexes arise, as a result of which respiratory activity , heart function , as well as the functions of other organs and organ systems .
The high toxicity of the substance provokes the following complications:
- disturbances in the frequency, rhythm and sequence of contractions of the heart muscle ;
- myocardial dystrophy;
- cirrhosis of the liver;
- liver dystrophy (atrophy).
Chloroform is one of the first substances that were proposed for use as an anesthetic during surgical interventions: it has found widespread use in surgical practice since the mid-19th century.
How does Chloroform act on humans as an inhalation anesthetic?
Inhalation anesthesia is carried out by inhaling chloroform vapor. Influencing the body, this narcotic substance causes characteristic changes in all its organs and systems .
As the body becomes saturated with Chloroform, consciousness , breathing and blood circulation begin to change depending on how deep the anesthesia .
There are 4 stages of change in total:
- I - stage of analgesia;
- II - stage of excitation;
- III - surgical stage (this stage has 4 sublevels);
- IV - stage of awakening.
At the stage of analgesia, which lasts no more than 3-4 minutes, the patient is dozing and inhibited, but at the same time he is conscious and can answer questions asked to him in monosyllables. He lacks superficial sensitivity to pain, but retains tactile and thermal sensitivity. During this period, simple operations such as opening ulcers or phlegmons and diagnostic studies can be performed.
In some cases, the initial stage of the action of Chloroform is accompanied by expedient reflex movements: patients may try to remove the mask or withdraw their hands.
the centers located in the cerebral cortex , while the subcortical centers remain in a state of excitation. The patient is unconscious, but speech and motor agitation are pronounced (he may try to get up from the table, screams).
The skin is hyperemic , the superficial vessels of the body and, in particular, the face are dilated, the temperature is increased, and the beating of the arteries is increased. The pupils are dilated, but reactive to light, and lacrimation is noted . Coughing attacks often occur , the secretion of the bronchial glands increases vomiting may begin .
At this stage, it is impossible to carry out any surgical manipulations; at the stage of excitement, the body continues to be saturated with a narcotic substance to deepen anesthesia . The duration and severity of the excitement stage are individual for each individual patient.
The consequence of the effect of Chloroform on girls/women, children and patients whose bodies are exhausted is the short duration of the excitation phase and sometimes its complete absence. And, on the contrary, arousal is more pronounced in people suffering from alcohol addiction.
With the onset of the 3rd, surgical stage, the patient calms down, his breathing evens out, and his pulse rate and blood pressure approach the original values. At this stage, after Chloroform has completely put the patient to sleep, the doctor begins the operation.
The further influence of Chloroform on the reflex centers located in the medulla oblongata provokes a decrease in reflex activity, insensitivity to the effects of irritants and the patient’s loss of muscle tone . This condition is characterized as deep anesthesia .
The awakening stage begins when the patient is no longer given anesthesia . At the same time, the level of the drug in his blood decreases, the patient again goes through all stages of anesthesia , but only in the reverse order, and awakens.
Since Chloroform is a highly toxic substance and has a pronounced inhibitory effect on the liver , central nervous , respiratory and cardiovascular systems , at present it is practically not used as an anesthetic .
If the dose of Chloroform is exceeded during anesthesia paralysis of the respiratory center may develop , resulting in primary respiratory arrest . The most dangerous consequences are observed in the heart (up to its sudden stop).
Due to the advent of new drugs and methods of general anesthesia of the body, it was decided to abandon Chloroform as an anesthetic . However, over time, it was possible to develop an anesthesia that minimizes all the harmful properties of this substance.
This method involves the use of Chloroform in compliance with a strict dosage (dosing is carried out using special anesthesia machines and calibrated Chlorotec evaporators) and in combination with a large amount of oxygen. At a concentration of 3-4 vol.%, such a mixture causes anesthesia without excitation; the optimal concentration for maintaining stage III (surgical) is 1-1.5 vol.%.
Chloroform - what is this substance and how does it affect the body
Inhalation of chloroform vapor has a detrimental effect on the nervous system . Inhaling air containing only 0.09% chloroform for a short period of time provokes dizziness, increased fatigue and headaches .
The result of constant exposure to this substance in the body is liver and kidney .
According to statistics, almost every tenth inhabitant of the planet is allergic to Chloroform. It is most often expressed in the form of a strong increase in body temperature (up to 40 degrees) and vomiting (after surgical operations in which the substance was used as an anesthetic , vomiting was observed in approximately 70-85% of patients).
Animal studies have shown that inhalation of air containing as little as 0.03% chloroform by pregnant female rats results in spontaneous abortion . The same was observed in rats that were given chloroform orally.
The next generations of experimental rats and mice, who continued to inhale air with Chloroform, gave birth to a larger number of babies with various kinds of congenital pathologies than their healthy counterparts.
The effect of the substance on human reproductive function has not been fully studied. It is only known that prolonged inhalation of its vapors (for 2-10 minutes) can cause death .
Presumably, Chloroform can cause hereditary changes in the fetus and increases the likelihood of malignant neoplasms . These properties appear only in cases where the permissible concentration of the substance in the air is exceeded.
How to make Chloroform at home
On forums there are often questions “How to put a person to sleep with Chloroform?” and “How to prepare Chloroform yourself?”
If putting a person to sleep is the task of an experienced anesthesiologist, then almost anyone can obtain the substance at home if desired.
Chloroform is a chlorinated derivative of methane. It is obtained by heating bleach with ethanol (ethyl alcohol).
Preparation from ethyl alcohol
To obtain the substance in this way, you need to take 430 g of bleach, which contains 23.4% CaO2Cl2, and mix it with 1.5 liters of water. Then add 100 g of caustic (slaked) lime and 100 cubic meters. cm alcohol 88.5%.
The resulting mixture is distilled, and lime milk (a suspension of slaked lime in lime water) and calcium chloride CaCl₂ are added to the distillate. The released chloroform is separated, shaken several times with concentrated sulfuric acid and rectified (divided into practically pure components by repeated evaporation of the liquid and condensation of vapors).
Preparation from acetone
To obtain chloroform from acetone, take 275 g of bleach, which contains 33.3% active chlorine, and grind it with 800 cubic meters. cm of water and gradually pour in a mixture of acetone and water (to prepare it, take 22 g of acetone and 70 cubic cm of water).
Preparation from potassium (K) or sodium (Na) hypochlorites
This method involves electrolysis of an aqueous solution of potassium chloride and alcohol. Instead of alcohol, acetone or aldehyde can be used.
Receiving from Whiteness
One of the easiest ways to obtain the substance is by mixing White and acetone. For 100 ml of Whiteness you should take 10 ml of acetone. This amount of ingredients allows you to get a fairly large (about 3 ml) drop of Chloroform. Probably, by distillation it is possible to obtain a slightly larger amount of the required substance.
Overdose
Chloroform has a toxic effect on metabolism and the function of internal organs . The odor threshold is 0.0003 mg per liter. A clearly noticeable specific odor is observed when the concentration of Chloroform is 0.02 mg per liter.
The narcotic concentration of the substance is 0.25-0.5 mg/l. At this concentration, Chloroform provokes a change in the rate of development of reflex muscle tension , a change in the course of metabolic processes, gastric and intestinal disorders , arrhythmia , a decrease in the amount of urine excreted by the kidneys and the appearance of sugar in the urine .
Serious poisonings with the substance most often occur in people working in the pharmaceutical industry. They are accompanied by dysfunction of the heart and respiratory center , damage to the mucous membranes ( eyes , stomach , respiratory tract ).
Milder forms of poisoning are accompanied by vomiting , increased weakness throughout the body, and dizziness. Some people may experience stomach pain and restlessness.
Laboratory tests may show changes in the cellular composition of the blood , characterized by increased or decreased levels of white blood cells .
Even low concentrations of Chloroform can cause severe poisoning with liver damage .
Treatment of poisoning with Chloroform
If symptoms of poisoning occur when chloroform is administered to a patient by inhalation, anesthesia . Further measures are aimed at facilitating the airway .
a ventilator , oxygen therapy is used to eliminate oxygen starvation (humidified oxygen is supplied for inhalation) and hyperventilation is provided .
It is recommended to inhale humidified oxygen continuously for 2-4 hours, then for 30-40 minutes at 15-minute intervals.
To ensure effective oxygen transport and eliminate the symptoms and consequences of intoxication , they also resort to infusion-transfusion therapy .
The patient is warmed up and given intravenous hydrocortisone and dexamethasone (at a dose of 1 mg per kilogram of body weight). To remove toxic products the blood hemodialysis and hemosorption . of pneumonia is also considered advisable .
To normalize heart , subcutaneous injections with caffeine (10%), camphor (20%) and cordiamine (25%) are prescribed. The volume of one injection is 1-2 ml.
If symptoms of poisoning occur as a result of oral ingestion of a substance, first aid boils down to intubation of the lungs , gastric lavage , prescribing activated charcoal and laxatives to the patient - sodium salt of sulfuric acid (sodium sulfate) and vaseline oil .
The effect of Chloroform wears off within a few days. intestinal lavage before clean rinsing water (so-called siphon enema ).
Procedures aimed at preventing kidney and liver . Experts often resort to bloodletting (150-300 ml) with further partial blood replacement.
If the patient has developed a collaptoid state (mild form of collapse ), he is indicated for intravenous administration of 0.5 ml of a 0.05% solution of Strophanthin in 10-20 ml of glucose . Metazon may be prescribed .
Therapy using sympathomimetic amines ( epinephrine , norepinephrine , ephedrine , etc.) is contraindicated. In addition, sulfonamide and chlorine-containing sleeping pills should not be prescribed.
After poisoning with the drug, consuming fatty foods and alcohol is strictly prohibited.
Cleaning
Once chloroform is obtained, it needs to be purified. After all, if it is used for medical purposes, then the content of impurities in it is simply unacceptable. If the purpose of use is technical, then the content of foreign substances should be limited.
There may be various impurities that chloroform contains. What it is? What are they?
- Ethanol.
- Hydrogen chloride.
- Phosgene.
- Chlorine.
There are two main ways to purify chloroform from these impurities:
- abundant rinsing with water followed by drying (allows you to completely get rid of ethanol);
- trichloromethane is washed with a strong acid, then with a strong alkali, then with water. Subsequent processing consists of drying using a water-removing agent - calcium chloride. The substance is then distilled in a fractional column.
You should never inject medicine directly into the heart.
In Pulp Fiction and The Rock, the hero of the film survives because he was injected with medicine directly into his heart. Although intracardiac injections exist, they are practically not used
, as there are many ways to administer the drug without the fatal risk.
Injecting a drug into a person's bloodstream through a vein is a fairly effective method of distributing it, as the blood circulates throughout the body in less than a minute.
Injecting a drug directly into the heart may deliver the medicine instantly, but leave a hole in the heart. This can lead to fatal bleeding
, and also increases the risk of lung perforation, which can also be fatal.
Although an injection through a vein does not look as impressive as a stab to the sternum, it is much safer.
Torture doesn't work on people
Often in films it is seen that the best way to obtain information is through physical torture. This method is not only unethical, but, as numerous studies have shown, it does not produce results.
.
Imagine being tormented for information you don't know about, or information your tormentors don't believe. What would you do? Most of us will tell what the interrogator wants to hear in order to stop the torture.
The "bad guys" think the same thing, which is why information obtained through torture is often misleading, further slowing down the investigation.
.
Treating a hangover at home
If you don’t have the strength to go to the doctor, and it has become unbearable to endure, then first you need to cleanse the body, drinking a large amount of liquid if possible, and vomiting to remove the remaining alcohol-containing substances from the stomach. Then you need to drink activated carbon, which acts as a sorbent, captures all harmful substances and removes them from the body.
You can also highlight a few simple panaceas that will help with the question of how to sleep with a hangover. For example, it is advisable to drink chicken broth; it is a universal remedy for all diseases, including hangovers. Hot, sweet, strong tea helps. It tones, is quickly absorbed into the walls of the stomach and intestines, nourishing the dehydrated body with water and glucose, which the body especially needs after stormy gatherings. A good helper are dairy and fermented milk products, which act as a sorbent and help break down harmful acids.
If you have gained a lot of weight and feel incredibly unwell in the morning, do not rush to poison yourself with unfamiliar pills and substances, hoping that you will feel better. Even if it does, it’s not a fact that you won’t harm yourself, to be precise, your precious liver, on which a fair amount of alcohol was already wasted. It’s another matter if you can’t sleep due to third-party factors, for example, fatigue or nervous excitement. In this case, you need to consult a specialist. Self-medication is infantilism in relation to one’s health. Remember that any drug of non-plant origin consists of chemical compounds that pass through the body’s filter, settling in it.
What is chloroform?
Chloroform is a fatty narcotic that has a stronger effect than anesthetic ether.
.
Unlike ether, it causes attack much faster and relaxes skeletal muscles
. However, at the same time it is characterized as a very toxic agent.
A pistol with a silencer is actually not that quiet.
Gun owners and dealers call these devices “suppressors,” which explains what suppressors actually do.
They do not muffle the sound of a gun, since it is almost impossible to muffle the sound of a gun firing. A suppressor can reduce various decibels mainly to protect the shooter's hearing
, and not to disguise its location.
And in real life it doesn't look nearly as silent as it does in secret agent movies.
Forensics does not magically solve a crime.
If you've ever watched a detective series, you're probably familiar with forensic science and its important role in the criminal justice system. And although forensic science helps gather evidence, it does not solve the crime.
.
Thus, in films you can see how investigators find a hair, a blood stain, a used cup or chewing gum at a crime scene, and often this evidence is enough to solve the crime. But there are a number of problems, such as the presence of a lot of DNA that does not relate to criminals, but simply to passers-by.
Even if the DNA definitely belongs to a certain person, you need to find a suspect
. The databases only contain the DNA of convicted criminals, and in most cases it does not match those already in the system.
In other words, the real investigation depends more on the legwork of the police than on the forensics.
Name
The name of this substance has several varieties. After all, like all organic compounds, it obeys the laws of the general nomenclature of molecules, trivial names and a name based on the composition of the molecule.
Therefore, there are several possible names for chloroform:
- carbon trichloride;
- chloroform;
- trichloromethane.
Chloroform: what is it? You can understand it from the names of the compounds, or you can consider the geometric structure of the molecule.
You don't have to wait to file a missing person report.
In movies, loved ones of missing people are almost always told to wait 24 to 72 hours to file a police report. But in fact, applicants can report the loss when they themselves decide
.
It is believed that the first day after the abduction is the most important
, and after that the likelihood of finding someone is significantly reduced.
Of course, if an adult is missing and there is no reason to suspect that he is in danger, there may be little the police can do. Many people disappear for short periods of time and often on purpose.
